Capacity Rough cost

total

per person		 Average
power
delivered
52 onshore wind farms: 5200 km2 35 GW £27bn £450 4.2 kWh/d/p
–based on Lewis wind farm
29 offshore wind farms: 2900 km2 29 GW £36bn £650 3.5 kWh/d/p
– based on Kentish Flats, & including £3bn
investment in jack-up barges.
Pumped storage:
   15 facilities similar to Dinorwig		 30 GW £15bn £250
Photovoltaic farms: 1000 km2 48 GW £190bn £3200 2 kWh/d/p
– based on Solarpark in Bavaria
Solar hot water panels:
   1 m2 of roof-mounted panel
   per person. (60 km2 total)		 2.5 GW(th)
average		 £72bn £1200 1 kWh/d/p
Waste incinerators:
   100 new 30 MW incinerators		 3 GW £8.5bn £140 1.1 kWh/d/p
– based on SELCHP
Heat pumps 210 GW(th) £60bn £1000 12 kWh/d/p
Wave farms – 2500 Pelamis,
   130 km of sea		 1.9 GW
(0.76 GW average)		 £6bn? £100 0.3 kWh/d/p
Severn barrage: 550 km2 8 GW (2 GW average) £15bn £250 0.8 kWh/d/p
Tidal lagoons: 800 km2 1.75 GW average £2.6bn? £45 0.7 kWh/d/p
Tidal stream:
   15 000 turbines – 2000 km2		 18 GW
(5.5 GW average)		 £21bn? £350 2.2 kWh/d/p
Nuclear power: 40 stations 45 GW £60bn £1000 16 kWh/d/p
– based on Olkiluoto, Finland
Clean coal 8 GW £16bn £270 3 kWh/d/p
Concentrating solar power
   in deserts: 2700 km2		 40 GW average £340bn £5700 16 kWh/d/p
– based on Solúcar
Land in Europe for 1600 km of
   HVDC power lines: 1200 km2		 50 GW £1bn £15
– assuming land costs £7500 per ha
2000 km of HVDC power lines 50 GW £1bn £15
– based on German Aerospace Center estimates
Biofuels: 30 000 km2 (cost not estimated) 2 kWh/d/p
Wood/Miscanthus: 31 000 km2 (cost not estimated) 5 kWh/d/p

Table 28.3. Areas of land and sea required by plan M, and rough costs. Costs with a question mark are
for technologies where no accurate cost is yet available from prototypes. “1 GW(th)” denotes
one GW of thermal power.